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Iron-platinum nanoparticles
Iron-platinum nanoparticles (FePt NPs) are 3D superlattices composed of an approximately equal atomic ratio of Fe and Pt. Under standard conditions, FePt NPs exist in the face centered cubic phase but can change to a chemically ordered face centered tetragonal phase as a result of thermal annealing.〔Sun S. (2006). “Recent advances in chemical synthesis, self-assembly, and applications of FePt nanoparticles”. Advanced Materials, 18 (4): 393–403〕 Currently there are many synthetic methods such as water-in-oil microemulsion, one-step thermal synthesis with metal precursors, and exchanged-coupled assembly for making FePt NPs.〔Sun S. (2006). “Recent advances in chemical synthesis, self-assembly, and applications of FePt nanoparticles”. Advanced Materials, 18 (4): 393–403〕〔Chen, M.; Liu, J. P.; Sun, S. (2004). “One-Step Synthesis of FePt Nanoparticles with Tunable Size”. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 126: 8394– 8395.〕〔Hyie, K. M.(2010). “Synthesis of Iron-Platinum Nanoparticles in Water-in-Oil Microemulsions for High-Density Storage Media Application”. 1-9.〕 An important property of FePt NPs is their superparamagnetic character below 10 nanometers.〔Sun, S.; Anders, S.; Thomson, T.; Baglin, J..E.E.; Toney, M. F.; Hamann H.F.; Murray C.B.; Terris, B. D. (2003) “Controlled Synthesis and Assembly of FePt Nanoparticles” J. Phys. Chem. B, 107 (23): 5419-5425〕 The superparamagnetism of FePt NPs has made them attractive candidates to be used as MRI/CT scanning agents and a high-density recording material.〔Chou, S.; Shau, Y.; Wu, P.; Yang, Y.; Shieh, D.; Chen, C. (2010). “In Vitro and In Vivo Studies of FePt Nanoparticles for Dual Modal CT/MRI Molecular Imaging”. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 132: 13270– 13278.〕〔Christodoulides, J. A.; Huang, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Hadjipanayis, G. C.; Panagiotopoulos, I.; Niarchos, D. (2000). “CoPt and FePt thin films for high density recording media”. Journal of Applied Physics, 87: 6938-6940. DOI: 10.1063/1.372892〕
==Properties==
The various properties of iron-platinum nanoparticles allow them to function in multiple ways. In standard conditions, FePt NPs exist in the face centered cubic phase with a 3 to 10 nanometer diameter.〔Sun, S.; Murray C.B.; Weller, D.; Folks, L.; Moser, A. (2000). “Monodisperse FePt Nanoparticles and Ferromagnetic FePt Nanocrystal Superlattices”. Science, 287 (5460): 1989-1992.
〕 However, once heat is added the structure becomes a face centered tetragonal and superparamagnetic. The nanoparticles become superparamagnetic because the addition of heat makes the particle smaller and iron rich, since it removes any impurities in the particles.〔Sun, S.; Anders, S.; Thomson, T.; Baglin, J..E.E.; Toney, M. F.; Hamann H.F.; Murray C.B.; Terris, B. D. (2003) “Controlled Synthesis and Assembly of FePt Nanoparticles” J. Phys. Chem. B, 107 (23): 5419-5425〕 As a result, the nanoparticles are used in CT or MRI scans.
Plant viruses, known as Cowpea mosaic virus and Tobacco mosaic virus, enlarge the average radius of the FePt NPs through direct mineralization.〔Love, A. J.; Makarov, V.; Yaminsky, I.; Kalinina, N. O.; Taliansky, M. E. (2014). “The use of tobacco mosaic virus and cowpea mosaic virus for the production of novel metal nanomaterials”. Virology, 449: 133-139〕 The virus template acts as a natural and benign method to monodisperse the nanoparticles up to 30 nanometers in diameter.〔Shah, S. N. et al. (2009). “Environmentally benign synthesis of virus-templated, monodisperse,iron-platinum nanoparticles”. Dalton Transactions, (40): 8479-8480.〕 The size increase of the bimetallic nanoparticles entitles it to a wider range of biological applications.
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